How does the Church relate to the State from the Early Church through the High Middle Ages?

Today a faithful reader sent in the following question for us to answer:
Explain the contours of that relationship and how it unfolded from the first century (the era of Christ and the Apostolic era) through the Investiture Controversy (the 11th and 12th centuries). What leaders and events were key in developing this relationship? Why did the West develop a different understanding from the East regarding the relationship between Church and State? What are the various models available in understanding how the church relates to the state? In your answer, you may leave room for theological reflection regarding the proper relationship between Church and State.
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