The term “Catholic” is but one of 4 divine attributes of true Christianity. They all are
One
Holy
Universal (the meaning of “Catholic”)
Apostolic.

The Catholic Church recognizes that other eclessial communities have these marks, but lack varying degrees of one , some, or all. Only the Catholic Church has the evidence of bearing the fullness of all 4 divine qualities.

The term “Catholic” was first documented around the 1st century. The prefix “Roman” was first used as an insult by the Anglicans in the 15th century, and it stuck. It simply is another word for the latin rite, one of 23 rites of the Church.

Your comparisons of Moses and Buddha and divided religions lumped together with Catholicsm makes a senseless presupposition.

No, that would be the Baal Shem Tov.

About 3500 years later.